What are the fertility issues unique to older women ?

This is why the older woman presents a number of unusual personal problems. For one, most women can hear their own biologic clock ticking away loudly, and don't like being reminded about the fact that their age can be a limiting factor in their fertility. Moreover, many of these women are busy executives pursuing a career. They are very used to being successful, and find it difficult to come to terms with their biologic frailty. Because of all the media hype, they expect the assisted reproductive technologies to provide them with a quick answer.

However, few reports emphasise that pregnancy rates in older women, even with IVF, are only half of what they are with younger women - so that typically, a woman who is more than 40 years of age has a less than 10 % chance of having a live birth in an IVF cycle. Older women also find it much more difficult to get social support. Society can be both sexist and ageist, and most people feel it is "unnatural" for an older women to want to try to get pregnant.

The major problem for the older woman is that time is at a premium ! She simply cannot afford to waste her precious time on ineffective treatments; and it is better for her to move on to IVF sooner rather than later !

Older women present doctors with many challenging problems. For one, they usually respond poorly to ovarian stimulation, and pregnancy rates with treatment are lower. They also have an increased risk of having a miscarriage - and in women over 41 years of age, this risk can be as much as 50% ! Moreover, as a woman ages, she has an increased risk of having medical problems in her pregnancy, because of preexisting medical problems such as diabetes and hypertension.

An especially thorny issue is the increased risk of birth defects because of aging eggs. As eggs get older, they have an increased risk of harbouring chromosomal errors, and this increases the risk of the baby having a chromosomal error, such as trisomy 21 (Down syndrome). Most clinics will offer prenatal diagnosis (such as chorion villus sampling, and amniocentesis ) to these women to screen for birth defects during pregnancy - but since some of these procedures increase the risk of a miscarriage, the couple often find themselves on the horns of a dilemma - and it is hard for them to decide whether to do the test or not to.

What is the oldest age at which an infertility specialist should accept a woman for treatment ? Is there a particular age at which a woman should be denied treatment ? If so, then why ? and what should this age be ? and who should decide ? " Menopausal mums" have grabbed much media attention, and have raised a number of controversies - which still remain unresolved.

Much research is going on to try to increase the pregnancy rates after IVF in older women. One high tech option is to screen the embryos for aneuploidy (an abnormality in chromosomal number) using genetic tests such as CCS (comprehensive chromosomal screening)and NGS ( next generation screening) for preimplantation genetic screening ( PGS) , a technique in which embryos are biopsied and their chromosomes analysed using probes. If only chromosomally normal, healthy embryos are transferred back, then many researchers feel that embryo implantation rates and pregnancy rates will be higher.

However, PGS has failed to live upto its promise, and reduces pregnancy rates in my opinion. Read more at http://blog.drmalpani.com/2015/05/how-pgs-overpromises-and-underperforms.html

Another option is assisted zona hatching, using chemicals or a laser, to create an opening in the zona (shell) of the embryo. Scientists feel that this technique can allow the embryo to " hatch " and thus escape from the zone and implant into the uterine lining more easily. Some IVF clinics with advanced facilities, such as ours, now offer these advanced techniques on a routine basis.

For older woman with a persistently poor ovarian response, many options have been explored to try to improve the number of eggs produced. This includes using supplemental growth hormone ; and the newer recombinant gonadotropins. However, the results of these have been disappointing, and the fact remains that we do not have an effective method of helping poor ovarian responders. This is why many doctors will advise using alternative medicines as well, such as acupuncture, yoga and DHEA. Another useful option worth exploring ( especially for women who are ovulating on their own) is natural cycle IVF.

How can donor eggs help the older infertile woman ?

A very effective option for older woman whose own eggs do not grow well is that of using donor eggs or donor embryos. However, this is obviously a very sensitive emotional issue, and each couple needs to make their own decision. While using donor eggs and embryos does dramatically improve pregnancy rates, it is often an option many couples find hard to come to terms with.

We run a successful large anonymous egg donation program. You can read more about this athttp://donoreggs.in/

An exciting new option is that of egg banking. It is now possible to cryopreserve and store eggs using vitrification technology. We can freeze a woman's eggs when she is young, and store these for her in liquid nitrogen at -196 C, so that she can use her own "young" eggs in the future, whenever she decides to start her family !